APPLICATION OF NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Abstract

The construction sector, responsible for nearly 39% of global carbon emissions, faces a critical need to transition toward low-carbon and sustainable material systems. Natural fiber composites (NFCs), composed of plant-based fibers such as jute, flax, hemp, coir, and sisal embedded in polymeric or cementitious matrices, have emerged as viable eco-efficient alternatives to conventional synthetic composites. This study presents a comprehensive critical review of NFC applications in construction, focusing on their material composition, mechanical behavior, durability, environmental performance, and socioeconomic potential. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles during 2015 to 2025 reveals that NFCs can enhance tensile and flexural strength by up to 55% compared to unreinforced matrices, owing to efficient stress transfer mechanisms and improved interfacial bonding. Advances in chemical modification, nano-hybridization, and geopolymer-based matrices have significantly improved moisture resistance and long-term durability, achieving up to 90% property retention under accelerated aging. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies further demonstrate embodied energy reductions of 35–50% and carbon savings of 2.2 kg CO₂ eq/m² relative to glass fiber composites. Beyond environmental benefits, NFC utilization offers socioeconomic advantages through rural industrialization and agricultural waste valorization, particularly in resource-rich regions such as Indonesia, India, and Brazil. However, challenges remain regarding standardization, large-scale processing, and long-term reliability. Future progress will depend on interdisciplinary collaboration linking material optimization, predictive durability modeling, and policy standardization to establish NFCs as mainstream construction materials by 2035.